Безопасность при проведении высотных работ
29.09.2023
РЕМОНТ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ ЛЮЛЕК
Фасадные подъемники имеют очень простую и надежную конструкцию и редко ломаются. Почти всегда причиной поломки становится либо естественный износ из-за долгой эксплуатации, либо неправильный монтаж и небрежное обращение. Впрочем, поломки никогда не приводят подъемник в полную негодность: обычно его можно отремонтировать в течение 1-2 дней.
Типичные неисправности фасадных подъемников
Повреждения тросов
Это самая распространённая поломка. Тросы работают с постоянной нагрузкой (иногда и с перегрузкой) в условиях постоянных перепадов температур, влажности, часто в запыленном состоянии. Поэтому тросы изнашиваются быстрее других деталей и узлов, а изношенные тросы требуют замены. Определить износ можно по внешнему виду или проскальзыванию, но причиной проскальзывания может быть также загрязнение масляной пылью. В последнем случае трос достаточно очистить.
Повреждения сварных швов
Изломы и трещины на сварных швах возникают из-за вибраций и перегрузок. Такие швы можно заварить повторно.
Повреждения металлоконструкций вне сварных швов
Погнутости, скрученности, местные вмятины и трещины возникают в процессе естественной эксплуатации и вследствие перегрузок. Иногда их можно исправить — выпрямить, заварить, наложить заплатку и повторно окрасить, но при значительных повреждения или в том случае, если повреждения возникли вследствие коррозии или усталости металла, возможна только замена.
Поломки ловителей, направляющих, прижимных механизмов и роликов
Все эти и некоторые другие детали механики подвержены механического износу и коррозии. Их выход из строя во время работы чреват возникновением аварийной ситуации; разумеется, система безопасности ее «отловит», но до такого лучше не доводить и заблаговременно заменять изношенные узлы. Определить износ можно по появлению ненормальных шумов во время работы.
Износ подшипника двигателя
Если во время работы двигатель издает нетипичные звуки или слишком сильно нагревается, это может быть связано в том числе и с износом подшипника. Изношенный подшипник заменяют.
Поломки гидравлики
Гидравлика подъемников ломается из-за износа (что нормально), заводского брака (такое встречается редко даже в недорогих китайских люльках) или использования некачественной гидравлической жидкости. Поэтому гидравлическая жидкость должна быть устойчивой к окислению и воздействию высоких температур, а при ее разложении не должны образовываться твердые вещества. Кроме того, ее надо своевременно менять. Этого достаточно для того, чтобы гидравлика прослужила долго.
Поломки гидравлики в подъемниках устраняются так же, как в любой другой технике. Изношенные резиновые прокладки, сальники, рукава и шланги безусловно подлежат замене. Рабочие поверхности металлических деталей иногда можно восстановить, заполнив повреждения металлонаполненной эпоксидной мастикой, а затем притереть их. Рабочие цилиндры с деформированными стенками восстановить, как правило, нельзя: их заменяют.
Поломки электроники и электрики
В подъемниках мало электронных компонентов и в основном они входят в состав системы безопасности. Как правило, электроника выходит из строя неожиданно: такую поломку нельзя ни предсказать, ни предотвратить.
В большинстве современных моделей есть система самодиагностики, которая срабатывает при поломке электроники и выводит соответствующий код ошибки. Это упрощает поиск неисправности. Как правило, поврежденный электронный компонент заменяется новым.
Электрика — реле, выключатель, трансформатор, УЗО и т.п. — также обычно перестаёт работать внезапно. Найти неисправность можно при помощи системы самодиагностики, а если ее нет — «прозвоном цепей». Неисправные реле и другую электрику обычно меняют, хотя в некоторых трансформаторах иногда можно заменить только одну из нескольких обмоток (если заменные существуют в природе).
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